Great Gatsby And Fall Of American Dream Essays - The Great Gatsby

Great Gatsby And Fall Of American Dream The book 'The Great Gatsby' by F. Scott Fitzgerald was an 'icon of its time.' The book discusses topics that were important, controversial and interesting back in 1920's America. The novel is 'an exploration of the American Dream as it exists in a corrupt period of history.' The main themes in the book are the decay of morals and values and the frustration of a 'modern' society. The Great Gatsby describes the decay of the American Dream and the want for money and materialism. This novel also describes the gap between the rich and the poor (Gatsby and the Wilsons, West Egg and the Valley of the Ashes) by comparing the differences between the Western United States (traditional western culture) and the Eastern United States (money obsessed values). On a smaller scale this could be seen as the difference between the West Egg (the 'new, money) and the East egg (the 'old' money). The 1920's were a time of corruption and the degradation of moral values for the United States and many other countries. World War One had just ended and people were reveling in the materialism that came with the end of it, new mass produced commodities such as motor cars and radios were filling people's driveways and houses, money was more accessible (before the Great Depression). Cars were becoming a social symbol in the 1920s as we can see with Gatsby's five cars, one of which he gives to Nick and one of which kills Myrtle Wilson later on in the novel. Herbert Hoover (an American President) said in 1925 "We will root out poverty and put two cars in every garage." The parties that Gatsby held every week in the summer were a symbol of the carelessness of the time. Gatsby would hide in the house while the 'guests', most of whom were not even invited, would party, eat and drink until the early hours of the morning without even meeting the guest or even knowing who he was. People would turn up just to be seen or reported in the local newspapers "In his blue garden people came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne." This shows the carelessness of the guests. Another quote about the parties refers to the way the guests devour the endless supply of food and never give a thought as to who gave it to them. "Every Friday five crates of oranges and Lemons arrived from a fruiterer In New York- Every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his backdoor in a pyramid of pulpless halves." This is also a symbol; it relates the 'pulpless halves' to the rather 'empty' guests, soulless people obsessed by image and wealth, a corruption of the American Dream. Another sign of the fall of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby is the way Gatsby makes his money. Gatsby gets his fortune through the illegal sale of alcohol ('bootlegging'). The sale of alcohol was prohibited in the United States in the 1920s. Gatsby came from the western United States where there was 'old money.' There he met Dan Cody who taught him how to 'bootleg.' As Gatsby became richer he moved to West Egg in New York. Gatsby's house is a rather artificial place, the house was originally built to impress Daisy with his so-called wealth, and this is a sign of a corrupt way of'winning' love through money and wealth. Gatsby's house is furnished well with old looking ornaments and (probably) second hand antiques, Gatsby's house also has a library which is full of 'uncut' literature. The conversation between Jordan and an unnamed man at one of Gatsby's parties talks about the books: "Absolutely real - have real pages and everything. I'd thought they'd be a nice durable cardboard." These books and antiques are just Gatsby's way of showing off his wealth to others, however Gatsby doesn't really care for materialism, we can tell this because his bedroom, the only room he really ever uses, is empty compared to the rest of the house. Gatsby's love life is also a sign of declining morals, and also a sign of further corruption of the American Dream. Daisy has an affair with Gatsby; Gatsby then gets concerned that Daisy does not tell Tom about her affair with him in chapter six. Eventually Daisy tells Tom about her affair with Jay Gatsby. The climax of the story comes when Gatsby tells Tom that Daisy never loved him. The fall of the

A Guide to Valentines Day in Japan

A Guide to Valentine's Day in Japan Do you have any plans for Valentines Day? Is there a special way of spending this time in your culture? Learn how the day of love is celebrated in Japanese culture.   Gift-Giving In Japan, it is only the women who give presents to men. This is done because women are considered to be too shy to express their love. Though it might not  be true especially in  modern times, Valentines Day was thought to be a great opportunity to let women express their feelings. Chocolates Women typically give chocolates to men on Valentines Day. While chocolates are not necessarily the customary  gift  to give, this is a custom that smart chocolate companies have spread to boost their sales. This tactic  has been very successful. Now, chocolate companies in Japan sell more than half of their annual sales during the week before Valentines Day. Men are supposed to return gifts to women on a day called White Day (March 14th). This holiday is a Japanese creation. Giri-Choko But dont get too excited when you get chocolates from Japanese girls! They might be giri-choko (obligation chocolate). Women give chocolates not only to their loved ones. While a true love chocolate is called honmei-choko, giri-choko is the chocolate given to men such as bosses, colleagues or male friends that women have no romantic interest in. In these cases, the chocolates are given just for friendship or gratitude. The concept of giri is very Japanese. It is a mutual obligation that the Japanese follow when dealing with other people. If someone does you a favor, then you feel obligated to do something for that person. Valentines Cards and Expressions Unlike the West, sending Valentines cards is not common in Japan. Also, the phrase happy valentines is not widely used. On another note, happy birthday and happy new year are common phrases. In such cases, happy ~ is translated as ~ omedetou 㠁Šã‚ Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ . The Color Red Which color do you think is the color of love? In Japan, many people would probably say it is red. Heart shapes are usually in red and red roses are also romantic gifts.   How do the Japanese see the color of red? How do they use it in their culture? Read  Japanese Conception of Red  to  learn the meaning behind the color red in Japanese culture and how it is used in society.

A Capstone Experience(Market Position Analysis)1 Assignment

A Capstone Experience(Market Position Analysis)1 - Assignment Example Based on the ingredients that are used in the manufacture of the above-mentioned products, they can be classified into different categories ranging from nice and easy products as well as those that have some touch of natural components hence the name natural instincts. Their also exists the perfect lighteners category. The care products whose components are majorly herbs are known as herbal essence. This project aims to provide more insight on the various hair care products that Clairol Company injects into the market. Based on the above-mentioned description, it goes without saying that most of the target customers of Clairol Company are of the female gender. This is because females use such products on several occasions. That notwithstanding, it is of great significance to note that Clairol Company similarly takes into consideration the demands of males, and provides personal care products that can be used by males to take care of their beards and to trim their moustache. Individuals who are ageing and are not ready to let their youthfulness go are also considered by the Clairol Company as the institution produces age defying products, that come in handy in ensuring that an individual can be of considerable age yet they still appear young. Clairol Company is able to reach out to their immense customer base through several stores that they have across various regions (Sherrow, 2006). Of more interest is the fact that most of their stores are stocked with care products that play a specific role. This is to imply that if a store is meant to have permanent hair color products, then it is only stocked with that. In like manner, it is of great significance to note that several retail stores are also stocked with products from Clairol Company. This makes it easier for their interested customers to acquire such products. In as much

Discussion 2 Week 7 Chapter 13 Corporate Valuations Assignment

Discussion 2 Week 7 Chapter 13 Corporate Valuations - Assignment Example Also, a member of the cross-asset team at â€Å"Societe Generale Bank† strongly believes that cash does not give returns to shareholders. From these disputes, it was seen that many directors in the IT sector prefer to keep cash. This helps them take advantage of new opportunities instead of giving to shareholders. To avoid such disputes, companies should ensure that such decisions have the support of shareholders. To ensure that this is the case, companies need to make sure that rules on decision making are in the shareholders’ agreement or the company’s article of association. These rules will then a guide when making decisions (Laro, 2005). For instance, in case of piling cash, with the help of the rules, companies will ensure that the decision is within the rules. This will help avoid disputes and will also help the company in case there is a legal bid. It is also necessary to inform shareholders on decisions made by the company. For example, decisions to keep cash should have valid evidence of the gains that the company and its shareholders should expect from this move. This is because holding on shareholders’ income in the form of cash will make shareholders doubt the company’s commitment to them. For example, in the case of Apple, with proper disclosure, there will not be a dispute over retaining cash. The dispute arose as a result of doubt over the cash pile of $137 billion. Another important point for companies to note is that shareholders are most interested in the return on their investment. To them, the value of the company is crucial as this will reflect what they should expect from their investment in terms of dividend. Therefore, to avoid disputes, companies should ensure that they balance between the money that the company keeps for expansion and the money payable to shareholders in terms of dividend. Shareholders

Politics of Fear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Politics of Fear - Essay Example Ironically, most democratic governments spend just as much time attempting to handle the impact of stories that have come into the light in a spontaneous manner as they would while carrying out campaigns. The politics of fear have grown in breath and depth as a result of the depiction of personhood as being a very vulnerable entity. We seem to be living in an era of a lack of alternatives and for this reason, we seem not to be in need of someone who will keep on reminding us that we are getting more powerless by the day (Furedi, 2007). As a result of this scenario, a majority of the people have come to interpret and regard events from the perspective of anxiety and fear. Fear politics are a measure of an in-depth cultural mood. Nevertheless, such a situation never came into being on its own. It is worth noting here that fear has time and again been politicized deliberately. All through history, the ruling class has taken upon itself the mandate of using fear as a political tool. Generation after generation of totalitarian governments have adopted the directive that Machiavelli made to rulers; that by being feared, they would be recipients of an even greater form of security, more than they would ever receive from love (Furedi , 2007). Fear could be used to terrorize, coerce, and in the maintenance of public order. Unity and consensus could also be gained by way of infuriating a general response to a supposed threat. Currently, the main aim of politics of fear seems to be not only a gaining of consensus, but also to forge, as an index of oneness around elite that would otherwise appear to be disconnected. Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, provides us through his writings with the original systematic endeavor to expand fear politics that could as well be utilized in the implementation of the suggestion that we do not have an alternative in politics. Hobbes opines that through cultivating fear, the main aim is to render any would-be radical argue towards a collective experimentation ineffectual (Rosen, 2002). In order to realize such an objective, Hobbes is of the opinion that it would be in the best interests of both the state and its people if the masses were convinced to dare less (Furedi, 2007). The people that internalized a fear consciousness were less likely to assume a risk, let alone a collective experimentation. Additionally, the promotion of a wide aversion consciousness to the unknown aids in the instilling of fear in the masses that whatever they had not experimented, could as well be harmful to them. Presently, there has been an institutionalization of the fear of the unknown harm, and this seems to strengthen the currently prevailing fear culture (Dickinson, 2006). A lot of the public figures in political offices have to daily grapple with the question of whether they need to reduce fear, or politicize it. The same question also confronted a Former New Labor campaign adviser, Phillip Gould. Through his 1994 publication, 'fighting of the fear factor', Gould argued that there does exists a feeling of anxiety and insecurity that tends to revolve around the present day electorates. It is this sense of mood anxiety over the future that Gould has observed to be the reason behind the use of fear tactics by

Web-Based Tool for PowerPoint

Web-Based Tool for PowerPoint According to Ellen, Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program that helps us create presentations slides and then present it on the computer or projection screen. Nowadays, the use of Microsoft PowerPoint in universities is increasing dramatically. Almost every lecturers and students use presentation slides for teaching and learning. Lecturers can create a presentation slide easily with important notes inside the slide without have to print out the notes for students. Furthermore, lecturers can share their presentation slides to the students by upload the slides to the E-Learning. Students can download and read it or share it with others. Problem arises when some of the lecturers or students want to share or reuse some learning object such as picture, video or sound inside the PowerPoint slides. They have to search and view each of the PowerPoint slides in order to locate the learning objects. Hence, a web based tool, Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint is one of the method to solve this issue. Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint is a web based tool which the users have to access to internet in order to use the tool. This tool can extract various format of PowerPoint such as ppt, pptx, ppsx, pptm. Futhermore, this tool can extract learning object with various format such as jpg, png, gif, flv, wmv, mov, mp3, wma /.wav. Problem Background Microsoft PowerPoint is widely used in schools and universities. PowerPoint slides that had created were used by lecturers or students for teaching and learning. It is difficult for users to share or reuse a particular learning object that in format of Microsoft PowerPoint. As a result, users have to search and view each of the presentation slides in order to share or reuse the materials. In addition, most of the users have to store the whole presentation slides in order to save a particular learning object. This make the users faced some difficulties to reuse or share the learning object such as a picture or video. Hence, a complete tool needs to be develops in order to overcome these issues. Purpose The purpose of this project is to develop a web based tool that will extract the learning object that in various formats from Microsoft PowerPoint presentation slides. Objective The objectives of this project are: Develop a web based tool for the users to extract the learning object into separated format from Microsoft PowerPoint presentation slides. Develop an interface for the web based tool to let the users search and browse the learning object after perform the extraction. Scope The scopes of this project are: The web based tool is designed for students and lecturers in universities or school. This tool will run in a server and every user can access it by log in to the webpage. This tool supports several types of Microsoft PowerPoint format such as ppt, pptx, ppsx, pptm. This tool can extract learning object with various format such as jpg, png, gif, flv, wmv, mov, mp3, wma, wav. Significance of Project This tool can give convenient for its users by extract the presentation slides automatically. Users can share or reuse the learning object easily by using the extraction tool to extract the object from presentation slides. In addition, users can search for the learning object without open and view each of the presentation slides after perform the extraction. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Microsoft PowerPoint is the leader of all in presentation programs compare to Corel Presentation or Apples Key-note. (Emily, 2007). People all around the world use presentation slides every day. Bulleted text, graphics, video, sound or animated slides are major content of a presentation slides. We can embed images, videos or sound by using Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) technology. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), is a Microsoft Windows feature that combines various application data into one compound document. (Thomas and Krishnan, 2002). According to Peter (2010), it is a medium for bringing programs beside Microsoft PowerPoint into the mix without leaving Microsoft PowerPoint. 2.2 Research on the Existing Tool or Method It is necessary to analyze all the current tool or current methods that exist in the internet in order to develop a complete Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint. There are one similar standalone application and a method on how to extract learning object are found for analysis study. The standalone application will be discussed in Section 2.2.1 while the method on how to extract learning object will be discussed in Section 2.2.2. 2.2.1 PowerPoint Image Extractor V1.2 PowerPoint Image Extractor V1.2 is a freeware. It can be downloaded at http://alainlecomte.free.fr/Download.htm#PPImageExtractor. This application can extract pictures and wave files from Microsoft PowerPoint and slideshow that in format of .ppt and .pps. After perform the extraction, the image files and wave files will be separate in a different folder by the application. This standalone application will run under Windows environment such as Windows NT/XP/Vista/7. Below are the screenshot of the application. Figure2.1.JPG Figure 2.1 Screenshot of PowerPoint Image Extractor V1.2 2.2.2 Extract Images and Sound from Microsoft PowerPoint All of these methods are written at pptfaq (2010). There are different methods to extract presentation files that created in different version of Microsoft PowerPoint such as in Microsoft PowerPoint 2010, Microsoft PowerPoint 2007 or Microsoft PowerPoint 2000 through 2003. There are several steps in order to extract images or sounds from Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 with file extension in PPTX, PPSX, PPTM, PPSM, POTX, or POTM. Firstly, right click the presentation slides and choose rename. Then, add .zip to the end of the file name and it will look similar like this type of format: myfile.ppts.zip. After that, double click the zip file to open it in windows explorer. There is a folder name PPT, double click the folder and the images or sounds will be kept in media folder. Drag and drop the media folder to anywhere in your hard drive to save the objects. Finally, by right click the presentation file and delete the .zip extension to open it with Microsoft PowerPoint. The method to extract presentation files created by Microsoft PowerPoint 2000, 2003 and 2007 are the same. Firstly, double click to open the presentation slides. Then, click Office button and click Save As other format. In the dialog box, make sure the type of save as are save in web page (*.htm, *.html). Finally, choose a place to save it and then close the presentation slides. Microsoft PowerPoint will create a single file and in the mean times will create another folder. Inside the created folder, there are whole bunch of files. The embedded images or sounds files will be among of the files. Justification of Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint Learning Object Extraction is developed as web based tool to improve the current standalone application and methods by adding more supported format of presentation slides. In addition, this web based tool will extract learning object with several format such as jpg, png, gif, flv, wmv, mov, mp3, wma, wav. This tool will run in a server and require the users to upload the presentation slides to the server and extraction of learning object will be performed at the same time. Therefore, the current application and methods are studied for implementation of Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint in order to achieve the goal. 2.4 Research on Current Technology There are several options to choose for web development such as HTML for static web pages, JSP and ASP.NET for dynamic web pages. The most appropriate language use on the development of Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint is either JSP or ASP.NET. 2.4.1 Research on Java Server Pages Technology The use of Java Server Pages has grown rapidly since after the introduced of The Java 2 Platform. Many web developers choose to use JSP to build e-commerce system, dynamic websites and web services. A JSP can compile into servlet and servlet can act as a middleware to read and sent data between client and server. (Marty and Larry, 2009). Web service will make use of servlets container such as Apache Tomcat and then execute numerous of code that define by the developer in order to perform the complete web pages. 2.4.2 Research on Active Server Pages Dot NET Technology ASP is a technology that enables web developer to build dynamic and interactive Web pages quickly and easily. We could include VBScript or JScript code commands in the ASP to be executed on the Web server before the page was sent to the users browser. ASP used script between and percentage sign to control server-side behavior. (Bill et al, 2010). Developer can firstly build an ASP page with only HTML static page and then can define own code to make the ASP page dynamically. Justification for Choosing JSP as the Coding Language JSP technology adheres to the Write Once, Run Anywhere philosophy of the Java architecture. (Sun Microsystems, 1999). JSP technology can be run in any operating systems that support Java such as Unix/Linux, Mac OS or others. Compared to ASP, JSP is more popular and tool used to create JSP web pages is also free of charge. Apart from that some of the component such as JavaBeans can be reused for others web pages. This can help the developer to complete the web development more faster due to the flexibility of Java technology.

Linguistics and Language

1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods used by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers are believed to strongly affect the way each defines psycholinguistics. Please discuss some different conceptions of psycholinguistics in its relation to other branches of linguistics. Then, define yours. One of your reference should be â€Å"fundamentals of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010)†OPsycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study in which the goals are to understand how people acquire language, how people use language to speak and understand one another, and how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science (Fernandez: 2011). OPsycholinguistics examines the psychology of language; psycholinguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language.Psycholinguists study understanding, producing, and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. (Harley, Trevor A. 2001. The Psychology of Language. ) O†Psycholinguistic studies have revealed that many of the concepts employed in the analysis of sound structure, word structure, and sentence structure also play a role in language processing. However, an account of language processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of human processing to enable language production and comprehension. ( William O'Grady, et al. , Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001 O†Psycholinguistics, there is a constant exchange of information between psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics, who study how language is represented in the brain. There are also close links with studies in artificial intel ligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in language processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that can turn speech into writing and programs that can recognize the human voice. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2003) OPsycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973) Oâ€Å"†¦.. psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people must have in order to use language in childhood.I say â€Å"underlying knowledge and abilities† because language, like all systems of human knowledge, can only be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior. † (Dan Isa ac Slobin: 1979) OBased on my reading, Psycholinguistics is study about language acquisition, language used one another, and study how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science. . Linguistic analysis might use similar language data or language corpuses as the object of analysis. Please give an example of language use which can be analyzed from different point of view, particularly from semantics, pragmatics, socialinguistics, discourse analysis, and psycholinguistics. Support your answer in term of their focuses of analysis. How are they similar, different, and how are they related one other. Linguistics study about human language as communication. In other hand, linguistics as fild of study that the object is language. Semantics is one of study that hand-in-hand with pragmatics. specia lizing in semantics studies, languageis study about the meaning of words, that is influenced by the context in which the words are presented. Semantics study how words are given meaning by their structure, tone, and the situation in which they are used.  ·Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning.  ·Pragmatics and semantics is different parts but the same general study. Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully.While semantics is concerned with a speaker’s competence to use the language system in producing meaningful utterances and processing (comprehending).  ·Sociolinguistics a close neighbour of psycholinguistics, can be defined as the linguistic study dealing with the functioning of language in society. Sociolinguitics has to do with the study of language from the viewpoint of how social, regional, individual and historical aspects influence the language and its use i n society which is specifically called speech community. OPsycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior.Psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973)  ·Discourse Analysis is approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use. discourse analysis is, like descriptive linguistics, a way of studying language.It may be regarded as a set of techniques, rather than a theoretically predetermined system for the writing of linguistic ‘rules'. (Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ‘Doing discourse analysis certainly involves doing syntax and semantic, but it primarily consists o f doing pragmatics. In discourse analysis, as in pragmatics, we are concerned with what people using language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic features in the discourse as the means employed in what they are doing. . The objects of psycholinguistic studeis are addressed to language production, acquisition, and comprehension. Could you explain how are the processes of the three language uses in term of psycholinguistics analysis.  ·Language production based on Levelt, speech production divided into four stage; I. Conceptualization and formulation Primitive linguistic concept about first conceptualized in human mind by David Mcneill stated that linguistic concepts are formed as two current and parallel modes of taught. These are syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking.Then syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking ellaborate to conceptualize conversation in which speech utterance and gestures to be tied together in time. But this concept has gone record. Formulation as the output of the process language production. Lashely stated that production and comprehension of speech is linear process. Based on tradition od examining speech production, sleep tangue as a window of the formulation process. II. slips of the tongue Slip of the tongue is normal mistake, it happen to catch the goof ourselve. Then we can immediately correct. Slip the tongue as the production process . ut this concept has gone record too. III. Articulation In this stage we consider about what happens when all of he information go from our brain to articulation. IV. Self-Monitoring Self – monitoring seems that as final stage. It is not only produce speech and listen one to another, but also to keep one ear open on what they themselve saying.  ·Language acquisition Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words[-;0] and sentences[-;1] to communicate. Language acquisition began the same with the cognitive science at 1950’s.Chomsky argued that language acquisition falsified these beliefs in a single stroke: children learn languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instruction or any other environmental clues to the nature of such principles. While Hence stated language acquisition depends on an innate, species-specific module that is distinct from general intelligence. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD which encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the child’s brain.In other point of view There are five stages in language acquisition stated by Chumbow and Adegbija (1984) such as babbling stage, the holophrastic stage, the two-word utterances, the telegraphic stage and recursive stage.  ·Language comprehension Clark and Clark argue that language comprehension is mental process by listeners ta ke in the sounds uttered by speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think the speaker intended to convey. (Clark and Clark: 1977)In sum up, language comprehension is building the meaning from sounds.While Language comprehension is generally viewed in cognitive theory as con-sisting of active and complex processes in which individuals construct meaning from aural or written information (Anderson 1985; Byrnes 1984; Call 1985; Howard 1985; Pearson 1985; Richards, 1983). An-derson (1983, 1985) proposes that the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts are sufficiently similar that comprehension of both can generally be discussed as a common phe-nomenon. 4. Following Clark and Clark (1977), comprehension involves two processes-construction and utilization processes.The first is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers’ words. The second deals with how listeners utilize this int erpretation for further purposes for registering new infromation, answering questions, following orders, and registering promises. What really happens in our cognitive domains (memory) for both processes? Examplify your answer that the first happens earlier than the second OClark and Clark (1977) say that short-term memory is roughly related to the working memory in the construction process; long term memory is dealt with the process of utilization.In other word In short, short-term just focus on the surface of the utterance (how the sentence is constructed) while the long one concern on the meaning more (how the sentence is properly utilized). Outilization, consists of relating a mental represen-tation of the text meaning to declarative knowledge in long-term mem-ory. This process is referred to as elaboration in other descriptions of the reading process. Utilization is the key to comprehension and the basic determinant that facilitates it. In any mes-sage, there may be an interpla y between information we already know and information that is entirely new. . Production of a speech requires speakers to plan what to say before its execution. Theoritically, the plan begins firstly with discourse plan followed by sentence plan and, at last, constituent plan. What should be the underlying concepts of this order? In the execution of a speech plan, several mental activities happen, what are they? Explain your answer OSpeech production is the process by which spoken[-;2] words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics[-;3] formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor system[-;4] in thevocal apparatus[-;5].Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation[-;6], reaction such as when they name a picture or read[-;7] aloud a written word[-;8], or a vocal imitation such as in speech repetition[-;9]. Speech production is not the same as language production since language[-;10] can also be produced manually by signs[-;11]. The production of spoken language[-;12] involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization[-;13] in which the intention[-;14] to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed.The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic[-;15] form required for that word's expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic[->16] frame, and phonological[->17] encoding which specifies the phonetic[->18] form of the intended utterance, the third stage is articulation[->19] which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics[->20] of a word and the motor coordination[->21] of appropriate phonation[->22] and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue[->23], lips[->24], jaw[->25], and other parts. Levelt, WJ (1999). â€Å"Models of word production. â€Å"[->26]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (6): 223–232) 6. Children acquire language fas ter than adults’. Please give your arguments to agree or disagree to this statement. How do children use their utterance compared to adult. You should refer to, at least, four references. OChomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical.In ways understanding and establish meaning in words, children and adults are different. Children tend to focus more on the superficial physical characteristics of an object when defining the prototype for an object and when comparing a stimulus to that prototype. Thus, children will gradually their understanding of an object. Steinberg at all (2001) conclude the progress started from vocalization to babbling, babbling to speech, naming and using holophrastic for one word utterances, and using telegraphic speech for two and three words utterances.Another exper t Mc Neill in Steinberg at all (2001:36) gives another opinion that the child who is learning language can compare the language that they have in their mind with what they hear from his parents. Children give priority to collocational links between words. For example, a child might respond with the word ‘night’ when told the word ‘dark’, whereas an adult more likely to respond with the word ‘light’ when presented with the same word ‘dark. Children may take time to discover the criteria by adult classify item as co-ordinates. 7.Language structure and language function can be seen differently by different scholars from the side of the meaning of an utterance. Please discuss your opinion about the function approach to meaning (the procedures and uses) Outterances has different meaning in context (including the situation, condition, location and the time in which the utterances are produced). For example : †Masak begitu saja jadi gila s ih? † this utterance May be in giving support or motivate somebody who just got disappointed or depressed. 8. Please quote a mass demonstrant’s discourse (at least consisting of ten sentences).Please analyze psycholinguisticly the discourse of the demonstrant by considering his/her mass psychology. ODemo guru bantu : ‘angkat kami jadi PNS. Kami telah lama mengabdi untuk negri ini. Kalau kami tidak diangkat jadi PNS, gaji kami tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer kami. Yaitu kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan kebutuhan pendidikan anak-anak kami. Guru bantu perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Dari demo guru di atas terlihat semua individu memiliki kepentingan menjadi satu yaitu meminta kenaikan Gaji yang tidak sesuai standar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan utama.Dari kalimat demo di atas, setiap idividu guru lebih memiliki power yang lebih besar untuk meminta kenaikan gaji dikarekan mereka bersatu menjadi satu. OMass psychology is a branch of social psychology[->27 ]. Mass psychology is concerned with the behaviour and thought processes of individual mass members and the mass as a whole. The main idea of Sigmund Freud[->28]'s crowd behavior theory is that people who are in a crowd act differently towards people from those who are thinking individually.The minds of the group would merge to form a way of thinking. Each member's enthusiasm would be increased as a result, and one becomes less aware of the true nature of one's actions. Other major thinkers of crowd psychology include Rene Girard[-;29], Gustave Le Bon[-;30], Wilfred Trotter[-;31], Gabriel Tarde[-;32],Sigmund Freud[-;33], Elias Canetti[-;34], Steve Reicher[-;35] and Julia Constintine. 9. How do you agree (support) or disagree to the following ideas: a. language need not be taught, nor can it be suppressedOI agree that language need to be taught nor can be suppressed, Fernandez stated that language acquisition in the child is a naturally unfolding process, Every normal human acquires alinguistic system, and failure to do so is evidence for some sort of pathology. that children need to experience social, interactive language in order to acquire language. In fact, people acquire language at about the same speed during about the same age span, no matter what kind of cultural and social situation they grow up in. b. hildren everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule OI agree that children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule. Based on (Fernandez: 2011) state that babies coo in the first half of their first year and begin to babble in the second half. The first word comes in the first half of the second year for just about everyone. In all societies, babies go through a one-word stage, followed by a period of early sentences of increasing length; finally, complex sentences begin. By the age of 5 the basic structures of the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes on until late child-hood.Children all over the wo rld are sensitive to the same kinds of language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make remarkably few errors, but their errors are of a similar type. While there is much individual variation in the age at which children acquire aspects of language, that variation is conditioned by individual char-acteristics of the child rather than by the language being acquired or the culture in which the language is used. c. language is universal in human being OI agree with that statement about there are close to 7,000 languages spoken in the world today and, on the surface, they differ greatly.However, there are profound similarities among the languages of the world – so many similarities, in fact, that human language can be thought of as a single entity. Language universals result from the way the human brain organizes and processes linguistic information: language universals are a product of human neurology. Thus, a person’s ability to acquire and use language is natural These universals do not derive from social, cultural, or general intellectual characteristics of humans. Instead, List of references: Clark, H. H. and E. V. Clark (1977): Psychology and Language, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Fernandez, Eva M. (2011). Fundamental of psycholinguistics. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell Steinberg, at all (2001): Psycholinguistic: Language, Mind, and World. Malaysia, Pearson Education. Scovel, T (2001): Psycholinguistics. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press. Yasin, Anas. (2010). Tindak Tutur: sebuah model gamatika komunikatif. Padang: Sukabina Press [-;0] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word [-;1] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) [-;2] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken [-;3] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;4] – http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Motor_system [-;5] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vocal_apparatus [-;6] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conversati on [-;7] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reading_(process) [-;8] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Writing [-;9] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Speech_repetition [-;10] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-;11] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sign_language [-;12] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken_language [-;13] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conceptualization [-;14] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Intention -;15] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-;16] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Syntactic [-;17] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonological [-;18] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;19] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation [-;20] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetics [-;21] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motor_coordination [-;22] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonation [-;23] – http://en. wikip edia. org/wiki/Tongue [-;24] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lip [-;25] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jaw -;26] – http://www. columbia. edu/~rmk7/HC/HC_Readings/Levelt. pdf [-;27] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_psychology [-;28] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;29] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard [-;30] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon [-;31] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter [-;32] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gabriel_Tarde [-;33] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;34] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Elias_Canetti [-;35] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Reicher

Behavioral Medicine in Psychology

This study was undertaken to research behavioral medicine in psychology. In summary, this research examines the origins of behavioral medicine, reviews the psychosocial and behavioral mechanisms, and describes concrete and practical implementations of behavioral knowledge as they have been applied to medicine. The purpose of this work is to outline main features of behavioral medicine and its utilization in psychology. Behavioral medicine is an interdisciplinary field of study integrating the behavioral, social, and medical sciences (Miley, 1999, p.10).It grew out of behaviorism in the early 1970s and integrated psychology into physical illness. Schwartz and Weiss defined the term: Behavioral medicine is the development and integration of biomedical, psychosocial and behavioral sciences' knowledge and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation† (1978, p. 249-51).The area of behavioral medicine includes behavior-change programs which operate different health-related activities (self-examination for early symptoms of disease, following special diets, exercising and taking medicine) (Pierce, 2004, p. 380). Some history should be given. Between the burst of enthusiasm for learning based therapies in the 1920s and their revival in the 1960s a great deal of laboratory research and refinement of learning theory was carried out by Clark Hull, B. F. Skinner, Neal Miller, and others.By the 1950s, efforts to apply more sophisticated learning theories to psychopathology became widespread. The early psychoanalytic approaches soon gave way to experimental studies aimed at identifying psychological factors believed to play a major role in the development of specific somatic complaints. These initial attempts to link personality types to specific disease states were generally disappointing but nevertheless established a firm basis for interdisciplinary resear ch in the new field of behavioral medicine.Rather than attempting to change problem behavior, however, these efforts mainly translated the clinical theory and lore of psychoanalysis into the language of learning theory. The most ambitious of these translations was Personality and Psychotherapy, by John Dollard and Neal Miller (1950). Dedicating their book to â€Å"Freud and Pavlov and their students,† Dollard and Miller sought â€Å"to combine the vitality of psychoanalysis, the rigor of the natural-science laboratory, and the facts of culture† (p.3). They called psychotherapy a â€Å"window to higher mental life† and â€Å"the process by which normality is created† (pp. 3, 5). Accepting psychoanalytic views of psychopathology and its treatment, Dollard and Miller mainly sought to state these views in more rigorous terms derived from laboratory research on learning. Despite the basic contrasts listed earlier, psychoanalytic and learning theories converged in several ways.They stated, both explained mental processes largely in terms of principles of association, whereby sequences of thoughts are governed by previous contiguities among ideas, similarity of content, and other shared features. This associationistic view of mental processes was the basis for the psychoanalytic technique of free association, as well as the psychoanalytic theory of mental symbols. Psychoanalytic theories and most learning theories postulated that reduction of organically based drives promoted the learning of important responses, attitudes, and emotions.Psychoanalytic theory and learning theories blamed childhood experiences for most adult psychopathology but did not actually test the relationships that were assumed. Neal Miller began his career strongly influenced by his psychoanalytic training, so his earlier work reflects a more psychological approach to behavior. Impressed by his clinical observations of the effects of conflicting motivations, he search ed for underlying mechanisms involved, which led to work in brain stimulation and control of autonomic responses utilizing biofeedback techniques.His research emphasizes the interrelationship between physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. Miller took his undergraduate training at the University of Washington, completed his master's degree at Stanford University, and received his Ph. D. from Yale University in 1935. Trained as a psychoanalyst, he combined clinical observation and a broad line of research that led to such important contributions as the frustration-agression hypothesis and social learning theory.Searching for the underlying causes of conflicting motivation, he moved into the area of brain stimulation and then to an interesting and highly controversial series of studies involving the control of autonomic responses utilizing biofeedback techniques. After a distinguished career at Yale and the Institute of Human Relations, he moved to Rockefeller University in 1966 w here he continues his interests in physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. Professor Miller served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1969.In 1969 Neal Miller, in an article in Science, summarized a series of studies in which, by the use of Skinnerian reinforcement strategies, he and his associates had trained animals to bring a number of internal bodily functions seemingly under self-control. The bodily functions thus trained included blood pressure, urine formation, heart rate, body temperature, and bowel distensions. Together with other demonstrations of a similar kind, often with human subjects, this work led to a new form of therapy called biofeedback.Using sophisticated equipment for monitoring and displaying to the patient the moment to moment fluctuations in blood pressure, skin temperature, heart rate, muscle tension, blood volume, or brain waves, a host of investigations began to report the success in treatment by biofeedback and other self-condi tioning methods of headache, muscle tension, high blood pressure, nervousness, Raynaud's disease (in which one's finger tips and toes become so cold that they lose all blood circulation and bring on excruciating pain), tics, bedwetting, and a host of comparable disorders.A new subspecialty in medical psychology and medicine was being born. The name given to it was behavioral medicine. As this field has developed its scope has expanded. It now includes the helping of patients who want to quit smoking, give up drugs, lose weight, take their insulin or follow the prescribed treatments for other conditions where therapy fails for lack of compliance to a regimen that is known to be effective. It also includes individuals who are healthy and want to remain so by jogging, eating low cholesterol and other more healthful foods, abstain from alcohol, and so on.A brief historical review of the developments in medicine and in psychology which led to the emergence of behavioral medicine and beha vioral health as viable, interdisciplinary specialties is available elsewhere (Matarazzo, 1980, 1982). The emergence of health psychology as a vigorous new discipline is a natural outcome of scientific and technological advances within psychology. Experimental and physiological psychology have contributed greatly to this evolution, beginning with Pavlov's early work with dogs at the turn of the century. His concept of conditioned reflex provided the basis for much of classical learning theory.In the 1920s, Walter Cannon introduced the concepts of homeostasis and fight versus flight. Neal Miller applied aspects of these earlier theories to an understanding of the role of conditioning in psychophysiological change and how certain aspects of the autonomic nervous system could be controlled. The modern use of biofeedback treatment to teach an individual how to control muscle tensions, blood pressure, and other physiological processes developed out of these earlier efforts. Psychophysiol ogy made contributions to behavioral medicine.Psychophysiological applications to behavioral medicine typically involve the monitoring of physiological functions in relation to concurrent emotional and behavioral states. Originally, psychophysiological studies were confined to the laboratory or clinic, and explored the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to stressors, individual differences in reaction patterns, or changes in physiological function with behavioral interventions. Laboratory studies remain the mainstay of psychophysiology, but the development of ambulatory methods has increasingly led to investigations under everyday or naturalistic conditions.Describing psychophysiology as a method of studying relationships between physical responses and ongoing behavior places no limits on the nature of the physiological processes being monitored. Indeed, one of the characteristics of psychophysiology has been the development of technology to assess more and more sophisticat ed and precise aspects of cardiovascular function. In the behavioral epidemiological study, physiological measures are typically collected under office or clinic conditions on one or a few occasions, whereas psychophysiologists are predominantly concerned with dynamic interrelations between behavior and physiology.Psychophysiological research in early behavioral medicine was dominated by studies of biofeedback and the voluntary control of blood pressure and heart rate (Beatty & Legewie, 1977). Over the last years, mental stress testing in the laboratory has become the major research paradigm (Steptoe & Vogele, 1991). It has involved studies of many clinic and high-risk groups, and assessments of a wide range of physiological processes in response to a variety of conditions, such as problem solving, stress interviews, and information-processing tasks.The methodology of mental stress testing in the laboratory has been thoroughly reviewed in various texts (Matthews, Weiss & Detre, 1986 ). Reservations concerning the reliability of laboratory assessments have largely been allayed by a new generation of investigations, indicating that, provided care is taken with physiological measurement and administration of behavioral stimuli, reliable and consistent response patterns are observed. The psychophysiological treatment par excellence is biofeedback. Biofeedback is a research-based empirical approach, with greater emphasis on replication of results and cautious examination of evidence.Yet biofeedback pursues the same goal as other body therapies, that of using individual awareness and control over the body to enhance personal potential, health, and growth. It brings together humanistic conceptions of mind and body with sophisticated electronic technology to produce powerful strategies for self-control over consciousness, emotion, and physiology. The area of volitional control of physiological activity has contributed significantly to the growing field of behavioral me dicine and health psychology. The beginnings of biofeedback go back to the late 1960s.Kenneth Gaarder points out that biofeedback was not so much a discovery as it was â€Å"an awareness which emerged from the Zeitgeist† (Gaarder & Montgomery, 1979). Many researchers of the 1950s and 1960s can be cited as independent founders of biofeedback. For example, Hefferline conceptualized biofeedback as a powerful tool, perhaps more powerful than Gestalt awareness exercises, to expand body awareness and self-awareness (Knapp, 1986). As with other so-called departures in psychology, there were earlier examples. The primary training method developed and utilized in this learning process has been labeled biofeedback.Its theory grounded on the concept introduced by Elmer Green: Every change in the physiological state is accompanied by an appropriate change in the mental emotional state, conscious or unconscious, and conversely, every change in the mental emotional state, conscious or unco nscious, is accompanied by an appropriate change in the physiological state. (Green, Green, & Walters, 1970, p. 3) This initial research activity began to stimulate more interest, among both the scientific community and the general public, in the area of biofeedback because of its' many potentially important clinical and medical applications.For example, it would be therapeutically valuable if it was possible to teach patients with hypertension how to lower their blood pressure, or to teach patients with headaches how to control the vasodilation process involved in the pain phenomenon. Indeed, Birk (1973) was the individual who coined the term behavioral medicine to describe the application of a behavioral treatment technique (biofeedback) that could be applied to medicine or medical problems (e. g. , headache pain).Each school of body therapy or body work presents a different manifestation of the fundamental psychophysiological principle that we can intervene somatically and produc e changes in emotion and relationship, and inversely, that we can intervene psychologically, with somatic consequences. Each of the body-therapy approaches emphasizes a dual psychological and somatic intervention, and each emphasizes breathing, muscular rigidity, and the physical blocking of memories and affective experiencing. In turn, each body therapy seeks to release the individual from physical inhibitions and to restore a full psychophysiological selfregulation.The work of Alexander Graham Bell ( 1847-1922), the inventor of the telephone, with the deaf, and his interest in using the visible display of speech sound, either by means of ‘manometric' flames or by an early form of kymograph, in order to help the deaf to reproduce correct sounds, would seem to utilize feedback principles ( Bruce, 1973). However, it needed a dramatic event to focus attention on the area of feedback control. This event took place at the 1967 annual meeting of the Pavlovian Society of North Ameri ca in the form of a report by Neal Miller (1968).He introduced a technique that his colleague, Jay Towill, had first devised. This involved immobilizing animals with D-tubo curarine, artificially respirating them, and with electrodes placed in the so-called ‘pleasure centers' in the brain, operantly conditioning various physiological systems. For example, it was reported that the animal could learn, through operant conditioning, to increase or lower blood pressure, increase or decrease heart-rate, kidney flow, and so on. The reward was, in each case, a brief electric pulse delivered to the pleasure centres.The use of D-tubo curarine to produce paralysis of skeletal muscles was an attempt to avoid the possibility that the animal was modifying its autonomic responses via voluntary activities, such as changes in muscle tension or breathing pattern or rate. Research papers soon followed, and in a series of studies carried out with Leo DiCara on the curarized rat, the instrumental conditioning of heart-rate, blood-pressure, and renal blood-flow and–in collaboration with A. Banuazizi–contraction of the intestines, appeared to be demonstrated. Reports from other laboratories seemed to support Miller's findings.

Workplace Deviance Essays

Workplace Deviance Essays Workplace Deviance Paper Workplace Deviance Paper Is workplace deviance a fact of life for companies, or can it be mitigated? Explain. A: Workplace deviance is unethical behavior that violates organizational norms about right and wrong. It can be categorized by how deviant the behavior is, from minor to serious and by the target of the deviant behavior, either the organization or particular people in the workplace. Workplace deviance does happen in companies but it can all be reduced, making new rules for the company can red cue the workplace device if employees dont follow rules they will be fired, it goes for ever employee. Every problem that goes on in the company should be addressed immediately, if its a serious problem it will be employee will be fired and for minor warning for the employee, if problem keeps happening after being told, they will no longer work for the company. 2. If you cant hire entire ethical employees, can you teach employees to act more ethically than they might be inclined? How? A: Yes, If you have the trust and proper patients to each the employees, informing employees of any negative situations happens there will be consequences. . Would you be willing to pay more for products made by socially responsible companies? How much more? A: Yes, I would be willing to pay more for produces made by a socially responsible company. I would pay only so much more, I wouldnt pay double the amount but I would spend the extra amount of money. I could be flexible with the price. 4. What influences ethical decision making? A: Values which are deeply held, constantly beliefs about what is god and eight. Mortality which is behaviors and beliefs on what is good and rights. Ethics which are moral phosphor, reasoning. Law which is reflects minimum ethics and enforced by state and Moral orientation which is your consistent basis for making moral and ethical decisions. 5. Outline a basic model for ethical decision making.

Decir Conjugation With Sample Sentences

Decir Conjugation With Sample Sentences The conjugation of decir, an everyday verb thats usually the equivalent of to say or to tell, is highly irregular, not following a readily predictable pattern. The only verbs that are conjugated in the pattern of decir are those derived from it, which include bendecir, contradecir, desdecir, interdecir, maldecir, and predecir. Fast Facts: Decir Conjugation Like most common verbs, decir is highly irregular, breaking the usual pattern in nearly all tenses other than the imperfect indicative.When stressed, the de- of the first syllable changes to di-, and in many cases the c of the stem changes to g or j.A handful of common verbs based on decir follow its conjugation pattern. Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Translations are given as a guide and in real life vary with context. Infinitive of Decir decir (to say) Gerund of Decir diciendeo (saying) Participle of Decir dicho (said) Present Indicative of Decir digo, tà º dices, usted/à ©l/ella dice, nosotros/as decimos, vosotros/as decà ­s, ustedes/ellos/ellas dicen (I say, you say, he says, etc.) Preterite of Decir yo dije, tà ºÃ‚  dijiste, usted/à ©l/ella dijo, nosotros/as dijimos, vosotros/as dijisteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas dijeron (I said, you said, she said, etc.) Imperfect Indicative of Decir yo decà ­a, tà º decà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella decà ­a, nosotros/as decà ­amos, vosotros/as decà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas decà ­an (I used to say, you used to say, he used to say, etc.) Future Indicative of Decir yo dirà ©, tà º dirs, usted/à ©l/ella dir, nosotros/as diremos, vosotros/as dirà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas dirn (I will say, you will say, he will say, etc.) Conditional of Decir yo dirà ­a, tà º dirà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella dirà ­a, nosotros/as dirà ­amos, vosotros/as dirà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas dirà ­an (I would say, you would say, she would say, etc.) Present Subjunctive of Decir que yo diga, que tà º digas, que usted/à ©l/ella diga, que nosotros/as digamos, que vosotros/as digis, que ustedes/ellos/ellas digan (that I say, that you say, that she say, etc.) Imperfect Subjunctive of Decir que yo dijera (dijese), que tà º dijeras (dijeses), que usted/à ©l/ella dijera (dijese), que nosotros/as dijà ©ramos (dijà ©semos), que vosotros/as dijerais (dijeseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas dijeran (dijesen) (that I said, that you said, that he said, etc.) Imperative of Decir di tà º, no digas tà º, diga usted, digamos nosotros/as, decid vosotros/as, no digis vosotros/as, digan ustedes (say, dont say, say, lets say, etc.) Compound Tenses of Decir Key Takeaways Like most common verbs, decir is highly irregular, breaking the usual pattern in nearly all tenses other than the imperfect indicative. When stressed, the de- of the first syllable changes to di-, and in many cases the c of the stem changes to g or j. A handful of common verbs based on decir follow its conjugation pattern.The perfect tenses are made by using the appropriate form of haber and the past participle, dicho. The progressive tenses use estar with the gerund, diciendo. Sample Sentences Showing Conjugation of Decir and Related Verbs No queremos decir que tenemos toda la verdad. (We dont want to say we have all the truth. Infinitive.) Os lo he dicho muchas veces. (I have told you it many times. Present perfect.) No entiendo lo que me estn diciendo. (I dont understand what theyre telling me. Present progressive.) Todos estaban diciendo que mi carrera habà ­a terminado. (Everybody was saying that my career was over. Imperfect progressive.) No obstante, predigo que en el futuro cercano vamos a ver muchos cambios en la industria. (Nevertheless, I predict that in the near future we will see many changes in the industry. Present indicative.) Una premisa de la ciencia ficcià ³n es si no contradice las leyes fà ­sicas, entonces es posible. (One premise of science fiction is if it doesnt contradict the laws of physics, then it is possible. Present indicative.)  ¿Le dijiste que todo era mentira? (Did you tell him it was all a lie? Preterite.) Mi doctora me dijo que tengo diabetes. (My doctor told me I have diabetes. Preterite.) Unos meses antes de mi nacimiento, mi madre predijo que yo serà ­a muy rica. (A few months before my birth, my mother predicted I would be very rich. Preterite) Creà ­a que me contradecà ­a por su manera de vivir. (I used to believe she was contradicting me by her lifestyle. Imperfect.) Te dirn lo que quieras escuchar. (Theyll tell you what you want to hear. Future.) Si era en su casa, yo decirà ­a que soy alà ©rgica para un ingrediente de la comida y no puedo comerla. (If I were at his home, I would say that Im allergic to an ingredient in the food and that I cant eat it. Conditional.) En el mundo en el cual vivimos, es inevitable que alguien nos maldiga. (In the world we live in, it is inevitable that someone will criticize us. Present subjunctive.) Niega que dijera que Cataluà ±a debe ser reconocida como nacià ³n. (She denies saying that Catalonia should be recognized as a country. Imperfect subjunctive.) Dice que es tu turno.  (Say its your turn. Imperative.)

Geography home work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geography home work - Essay Example Social media took five years to be accepted and be the most used means of communication and lifestyle by college students replacing mainstream means of accessing information, communication, and interaction. 3. I adopted the use of social media very early in the S-curve owing to the widespread of its use and that it was a new innovation while I was a late adopter on the use of computers in social networking and communication owing to low financial liquidity. 5. The diffusion of AIDS in the United States follows an S-Curve diffusion pattern as reflected in the changes in the rates of prevalence according to region and the reduction in new infections in recent years. 6. The main reason for New York, Miami, and LA/SF were the high rates of drug abuse that allowed the use of and sharing of needles, social status and sexual habits that promoted having unprotected sex and high population density as they are urban regions and it was the main areas where AIDS began then spread. 12. The characteristics that determine if a phenomenon will diffuse hierarchically of contagiously include the mode of contamination for example direct contact for a disease or means of transfer of ran innovation, the source of the phenomenon and the ability to be transferred through relocation or migration to new areas. 14. I would apply my knowledge of spatial diffusion through development of products for different age brackets that will be transferred through relocation and expansion diffusion when one has the product or listens to the music through correspondence and migration to different areas with them. There are several instances where the Middle East and the American Southwest have differed especially on policies on terrorism, religion, and democracy. Muslim oppression, independence, and traditional cultures being impended by globalization of western culture are some of the reasons for the bombing of World Trade Center and Pentagon by Muslim terrorists. Despite these

Economic Profile of the US Airline Industry Research Paper

Economic Profile of the US Airline Industry - Research Paper Example This had negative impacts on the industry. The elasticity of demand is affected by the reason the passenger travels. Three reasons that can be accounted for travelling by airplanes are business necessity, time saving and pleasure. The financial crisis forced many travelers to opt for other modes of transport leading to loss of revenue for the industry as a whole. While calculating the price of tickets the airline companies use a formula that takes care of the yield as well as inventory cost. Sometimes customers look to book tickets that are close to the departure dates. There is certain amount of risks to the airline industry as if the seats are not filled the flight will have to travel with vacant seats which again brings revenue loss to the consumers. In order to mitigate such kind of risks the airlines have to increase the price of tickets. The high volatility of the prices of crude oil leaves the airline operators at greater risk of cost fluctuations. Therefore the demand conditi ons are highly affected by the fluctuations in the crude oil prices. The travel by airplanes is considered as luxury and luxury tax is added with the price of tickets. The demand conditions can be affected by the existence of such taxes too. The price elasticity of supply for the airline industry is elastic. The availability of seats in the airplanes responds substantially to the changes in prices which prove the elasticity of the airline industry. Elastic supply can also be witnessed in the price wars that are initiated by the competitors. The drastic changes in the prices of tickets bring about large or small changes in the availability of seats on airplanes. Monetary and/or fiscal policies that have affected the airline industry The...This research paper offers comprehensive analysis of the current trends on the American market, where the airline companies operate. Also, effectiveness of the economic policies of the US government toward the industry is evaluated. The airline industry is a cyclical one. The industry witnesses bankruptcy as well as M&A activities every decade. The estimates of the International Air Transport Association and that of Federal Aviation Administration expect a rise in cargo traffic and passengers along with decline in profits for the airline companies. The airline industry is dependent on the conditions of the market.. The demand for the industry was greatly influenced by the global financial crisis and the fluctuations in the oil prices. It is a competitive industry as many players have emerged into the market. The other modes of transport provide competition to the industry. The monetary and the fiscal policies can influence the aggregate demand. Monetary policies can influence the shift in the aggregate demand for goods as well as services by increasing the supply of money. The economy can also contribute in the industry through lack of competition or through increased competition. The same factors that determines economic performance also affects the growth of the international airline industry. The factors includes growth in international trade, the rise of GDP and the growth of the industries that use air services. Sustained economic growth of international trade has strong positive impact on international traffic.