Lincoln Electric Essay Example for Free

capital of Nebraska Electric EssayLincoln Electrics CEO Massaro was correct in his assessment that, marts in developing countries would pay back faster and yield a higher return. This strategy was critical and in alignment with the organizations goal to reach 50% foreign sales revenue. As chairperson of Lincoln Asia, Mike Gillespie faces a great challenge with his decision to enter the Indonesian market. If Mr. Gillespie does decide to enter Indonesia, he must also decide whether to do it alone or through a joint venture, and how to structure employee compensation. It looks like Gillespie conducted enough corporate anthropology research to identify viable consumer product needs that Lincoln Electric provide be able to provide (stick consumables vs. automatic consumables segments). I understand that investing in Indonesia offers many benefits to the organization, mostly towards increased profit margins and market share of consumable products (for further information regarding t he strategic planning for entering Indonesia see Exhibit 1).However, in my opinion, Gillespie does not ready enough data to take out an informed decision regarding this move. Fear of a rekindled Civil War, unstable inflation rates, and other activities in the country revealed both economic and political instability. Other issues to be considered include promote issues of Indonesia 1. I would recommend further market and cultural analysis to aid his decision-making. If Gillespie decides to enter Indonesia, it is my recommendation to enter with a accessory.I defy this recommendation because, through his own market analysis and consultation it was identified that due to the political structure a local partner with in-depth knowledge, and political connections would be essential for success. I understand that a joint venture will decrease Lincoln Electrics profit margins, but in my opinion, the joint venture will minimize investment risk, especially if a partner is able to provide capital towards the cost of building a facility. Gillespies choice in partners should be ground off of a predefined set of criteria.These criteria should include current relations/contracts with Lincoln Electric, current market share, knowledge of local market and culture, political and business contacts. The partner should also have the ability to withstand any financial risk toward this investment. See table 2 for a breakdown of both potential partners and how they equalise to the criteria. I would recommend a joint venture with both companies (Tira and SSHJ). The reason for this recommendation is due to the diverse benefits, which both companies can bring to the venture.However, I have concerns regarding the loyalty of either partner to the Lincoln Electric brand. If we apply the social exchange theory to this situation, one could speculate that when more than one partner is include in a business relationship, the loyalty of each business partner may decreases due to competitio n and fear of favoritism 2. It is Gillespies intention to implement a piecework compensation structure and I support this decision. It is also the intent of Lincoln Electric to exceed minimum wage requirements and prevailing rates.Gillespie has concerns regarding the ability for all employees to ensure minimum wage using piecework compensation. It is my recommendation to set the minimum daily quota at the minimum wage rate. I would also implement an aggressive implementation bonus paying out monthly vs. annual. I would highly recommend further cultural analysis with a focus on time perceptions and labor perceptions of the local culture. The compensation structure should be adjusted as time goes on and favorable trends in compensation are identified.

Adult Health Nurse Practioner Essay Example for Free

Adult Health Nurse Practioner EssayDue to the rapid changes and complexity in wellnesscare, obligates are pursuing higher(prenominal) genteelness and varyd training. This specialized training has produced what we now call advance practice nurses. Advance practice nurses can function independently or in partnership with other doctors. These nurses play a vital role in health care. There are four types of advance practice nurses clinical nurse specialist, nurse anesthetist, nurse midwives, and nurse practicians. The role of the nurse practitioner has changed from being an assistant to meeting the healthcare needs of patients when no physician is available. Nurse practitioners may specialize in a variety of settings, but are not limited to primary care, discriminating care, palliative care, infectious disease, and gerontology. Becoming a nurse practitioner requires a Master of Science in nursing, post masters, or Doctor of nursing practice (Britt, 2012). The services provided by nurse practitioners include diagnosing and treating health problems, adult and well child checks, prescribing medications, teaching health promotion while promoting disease prevention (Britt, 2012). Healthcare reform which has led to increase accessibility of healthcare has created more than opportunities for nurse practitioners in the primary care setting (AAON, 2014).Nurse practitioners are visible in the acute and critical care settings. In the acute setting, they are using evidence based practice to manage care of the critically ill (AAON, 2014). According to the American Association of Nurses, nurse practitioners are more likely to adhere to clinical practice guidelines that improve patient outcomes (AAON, 2014). Nurse practitioners tent to engage patients in their care by helping them understand t and measures they can take for improvements (Britt, 2012). Despite the enormous contributions nurse practitioners are giving to healthcare, there are barriers to the potential o f what a nurse practitioner can allow for back to their community. The state scope of practice laws are the most significant (Naylor, Kurtzman, 2010). These laws govern practice and prescriptive authority. There are some states more restricting thanothers. Reimbursement is another issue affecting nurse practitioners.There are legal concerns regarding reimbursement for services provided by nurse practitioners (Perry, 2009). Other barriers NPs face include poor physician attitude, lack of respect, and poor communication. The poor physician attitude may be due to lack of physician knowledge regarding the role of the nurse practitioner (Clarin, 2009). When there is difficulty understanding the NPs role, then there is difficulty with collaboration, which in turn affects the patient. As the scope of practice for nurse practitioners varies from state to state, the nurse practitioners role is sightly more dominant due to the demands because more people are able to afford healthcare. It is imperative for barriers to be removed that would allow NPs to use their training and education to the fullest. Nurse practitioners are an essential component to the healthcare team and medical community. With such emphasis being placed on preventive care, nurse practitioners go away be recognized as an asset.ReferencesNaylor, Kurtzman, E. (2010), The Role of Nurse practician in Reinventing Primary Care. Health Affairs, 29 893-899 doi10.1377/hlthaff 2010.0440 Clarin, O. (2009), Strategies to Overcome Barriers to Effective Nurse Practitioner Physician Collaboration, Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 3(8) 538-548 Britt, D. (2012), Family Nurse Practitioner in Primary Care. The Parenting Issue 23 Perry, J. (2009), The Rise and Impact of Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants. Economic Policy, 27 491-511 doi10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00162.x

A Review of Chuck Jones Duck Amuck

A Review of Chuck Jones Duck AmuckChuck Jones Duck Amuck.Cartoons wholly across the Hollywood Studios at this time resembled those of Disney, with their connection of change and using an accelerating clog structure in their narrative. But with these cartoons being considered as a comic fantasy genre, animators could experiment with the medium. Warner Bros. were a big believer in this, creating situations where their cartoon graphic symbols would talk to the consultation or refer to the animator or studio executives. These cartoons comp atomic number 18d to Disney were very different, the action was often to a greater extent violent and faster paced, ever-changing the situations regularly. Chuck Jones r altogether(prenominal)ed past expectation with his cartoons, extending the limits and shocking the audience. One of the expectants being Duck Amuck where he used every bone in his body to construct which is now known as one of the master pieces of flavor story, using every el ement to create a 7minute film just using Daffy and the unseen animator. By using these elements he was able to manipulate Daffy in any(prenominal) situation, creating an expectancy with the audience that anything could happen next.Duck Amuck, a cartoon subject to its own deconstruction. The cartoons conventions are eternally challenged, using the colour, costume, sound scenery and all the essential elements need to create the cartoon, often without the awareness of the audience. Daffys first appearance as a musketeer, a cavalier waving his sword around with such confidence soon realises he has been betrayed by the animator, that the background of the scene has disappeared and he as well as the audience is left uncertain to the context we were accustomed to. Daffy rapidly drops character and addresses the camera, reacting in a rather professional way as if he were a break up of any live-action movie and enthusiastically pushes the animator to carry on. A farmyard scene is drawn, although not what Daffy was expecting, he continues on, changing to suit the scene. But once again as hes just about adjusted to the scene, an arctic layout is displayed in the background. Throughout the piece there is a constant battle between foreground and background, and above all the relationship between the character and the forever changing environmental context. All of Daffys actions are dominated by his reaction to the area he occupies. Tensions equal these help the basic structure of narrative in most cartoons. With all the changes, Daffys main thought is for the animator to make up his mind. By using Daffys body, each environment is acquaintn through a number of iconic cultural illustrations the dungarees and the straw hat in the farmyard scene, the grass skirt and banjo in the Hawaiian setting. While the clean-living space is defined as the empty context of the cartoon, although there is unlimited space, Daffys sense of awareness becomes isolated and helpless. To m ake things worse he is and so erased from the page, where all that remains is his vowel system. Chuck Jones intensions when he created his characters where for them to be recognized in any situation, to exist as a body without a voice, or a voice without a body. Especially in this scene, a programmed perception of Daffy as a character is known, where he can be understood by any of his parts. Perhaps, the completely element the animator is unable to get rid of is Daffys personality. If this was to be pay offn, the cartoon would no longer be a Daffy Duck picture. Even though, the elements are ofttimes altering and manipulated, the audience is still able to recognise its a Daffy cartoon. Daffy is shown as eager to please and entertain, hardly is easily provoked and angered by any slight change, and to top it off has a rather obsessive behaviour, especially if he doesnt get his way. Duck Amuck shows all his traits as a character through the use of his body and actions, using the l imitation of any say-so Daffy thought he had. As the viewer it is easy to watch an animation and halt the effort applied to design the background scenery. its almost insignificant. Are attention is continuously on the characters and their actions. Duck Amuck reminds us that there is more then what meets the eye, and in this case on the screen and only by eliminating the background, can we realize and appreciate this.Daffy is endlessly alienated, trying to keep his image and self-respect, but contradicts himself by constantly losing his temper. As soon as Daffy is repainted back on the screen as a cowboy with a guitar, we as the audience establish practice of medicine will be played or daffy will sing. Daffy modestly opens his mouth and beats the guitar, but with the shock on his face acknowledges there is no sound. He holds up a small sign saying Sound Please. As the audience we are drawn to the fact that anything could happen, and Daffy would not be expecting it. He snobbishly goes to strum the guitar, to find it creates the sound of a machine gun, then a horn and a donkey. The use of mismatching image and sound, is yet another comedic element used indoors this film, helping create a sense of alienation towards Daffy, with every action he is restricted by the animators command. He breaks the guitar with frustration, and tries plea to the animator, to discover he has been given up the voice of chicken and a few other different birds. After many attempts he slowly loses his will, so with one last try he endeavours to speak, but at an extreme volume his voice returns. Embarrassed, Daffy is once again chance uponed helpless to the animator. Daffys traits are explicitly shown, especially his willingness. He stresses for a scenery and colour, but is given a child like drawing background, and is painted in many colours and patterns. This is followed by a mini tantrum by Daffy. Daffy is constantly challenged by the world around him, but his reactions to the ev ents increase the likely hood of the next action made by the animator. If he was not such a drama queen and self absorbed, the constant bad luck happening would most likely be lowered. But clearly, the circumstance of the cartoon remains issued to the bank of the animator. These series of occurrences only cause added anticipation from the spectators who want to further witness the amount of knockbacks the character can take. Chuck Jones gives Daffy centre stage, but at the resembling time controls every part of him during the animation, meanwhile breaking the fourth wall and highlighting the construction of the animations art form. With a simple idea of concept of fate, the audience are able to gather a small meaning from the piece that no matter what life throws at you, one should adjust and accept what nature has planned for you, or else of find fault.Throughout the whole animation, whatever Daffys expectations are or wishes to receive, he is given the complete opposite. Seve ral times he tries to take control of the situation, to find himself being manipulated even more, but at the same time the audience are able to witness his anger levels rising. A great example of this is when he finds himself on a small deserted island in the distance, he calls for a close up, which the audience can hardly hear. But instead of receiving the camera to come closer, the frame of the screen shrinks to frame him, Daffys first response is quite sarcastic but soon explodes with frustration. The camera quickly zooms in to reveal just Daffys aggravated eyes. Daffy tries to gain an understanding between himself and the animator, but he is soon interrupted by a black material weighing him down, finally tearing up the screen. He then returns to suggesting the cartoon should begin even though it has already been running for several minutes. Throughout the piece Daffy continuously tries to bump his strength and control, but time and time again he is interrupted by some kind of gag narrative. Daffy is soon appointed as a pilot, but this is purely to launch a series of gags, including an off screen air crash, the fall, his parachute turning into a weight, the explosion of the weight which becomes a bomb. At this point Daffy is left helpless, a loss of all control, but with one finally attempt to regain some dignity, he demands to know Who is responsible for all of this? I demand that you show yourself The enclosed boarder that the audience is now accustomed to is broken as the camera pulls away to reveal the animator Bugs bunny rabbit. The whole piece is a series of independent gags, no relevance to one another except to torment Daffy. But with such shock and surprise to the biggest gag of all, that it was his arch-enemy Bugs Bunny who was the master mind the entire time. Chuck Jones great skill was creating a comic suspense, planting a joke and letting the audience abide for the evitable outcome. By doing this, it created a build up for laughter, the fu lfilment of a gag. Duck Amuck demonstrates this immensely, practically every rest point in the animation is the start of a gag. While Daffy is reassuring himself possibly after a gag, he is yet unaware of the next gag about to begin.Real life elements are incorporated throughout Duck Amuck, from film strips, to paint brushes, to erasers, used to manipulate the characters environment and appearance. But these are all cleverly used to show the interactivity between the creation and the creator. Elements like these create another dimension to the story, that we as the audience, to an extent can believe we are with the animator as they makes their decisions. Characters like Bugs Bunny and Daffy were wise cracking cynics rather than innocent altruists like Mickey Mouse. But although the Warner Brother characters are similar this animation wouldnt have worked with anyone else except Daffy. His loss of control and humiliation is what creates the piece, his frantic ways, and his self pity o f being unable to negotiate, or come to terms with the higher power destroys Daffy leaving him speechless, and in the end becomes more of a subject defined by a gaga. The animators at Warner Brothers experimented over many years trying to push to the extreme, but perhaps none were so extreme as Duck Amuck, although it was made within the Hollywood system, the sense of it almost feels more experimental film, with the request to the audience to be a part of the exploration of techniques in the cel animation.Olivia FarrarReferencesFurniss, M. (2005). Chuck Jones Converstations. United States University Press of Mississippi.Jones, C. (1999). Chuck Amuck The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist. United States Farrar Starus Giroux.Kenner, H. (1994). Chuck Jones A flurry of Drawings, Protraits of American Genius. United States University of California Press.Klein, N.M. (1996). Seven Minutes Life and Death of the American Animated Cartoon. United Kingdom Verso Books.Wells, P. (1998). Un derstand Animation. United Kingdom Routledge.

Manoeuvre Warfare Is Not A War History Essay

run Warf are Is Not A War History Essay2. Doctrinal Base. Manoeuvre fightfare has been adopted as the doctrinal primer for unhomogeneous Western armies. The Indian ground forces has been loosely haping it in both theory as well as formula for quite nigh time, but is fluent grappling to adopt it as basis of our war fighting ism. It would take much than rhetoric to actu all toldy transform this concept into practice there remains a lot of confusion as to what exactly it entails. Out of the many existing definitions further few are capable of briefly and clearly defining what Manoeuvre warfare is and how matchless does it. Manoeuvre is more of a philosophical approach to campaign design and execution than an arrange earn forcet of tactical engagements. Art and philosophy are a great deal the most common terms describing the concept and definition of Manoeuvre warfare. It piece of ass be described as the blind of tactical lead concerned with creation of battle array, d ecision making and understanding the human dimension rather than a science associated with techniques, procedures and capabilities,3. Difficult to Understand. Being an fine art associated with philosophical concept of war fighting it leaves a lot to the interpretation and understanding of a theorist whose vision is slackly obscured by his basic psyche, fuck and the surviveledge base available to him or his capability to grasp the concept of Manoeuvre. More often than non one acts on the lines of six blind men who wanted to describe an elephant and each hand his imagi farming according to the give government agency of elephant he was touching So six blind men of HindustanDisputed blasting and long,Each in his own opinionExceeding stiff and strongThough each was partly in the right,They all were in the wrong applicability yet Of Manoeuvre Warfare4. Spatial concept? Manoeuvre is traditionally thought of as a spatial concept which is used to gain positional advantage. The US M arine concept of operate warfare however is war fighting philosophy that seeks to shatter the resistances cohesion through a variety of rapid, revolve abouted, and upset(prenominal) actions which create a turbulent and rapidly deteriorating situation with which the enemy ceasenot cope.2The manual further says This is not to imply that firepower is unimportant. On the contrary, firepower is central to place warfare. Nor do we entertain to imply that we lead pass up the opportunity to physically end the enemy. We will concentrate fires and forces at deciding(prenominal) points to destroy enemy elements when the opportunity presents itself and when it fits our bigger purposes.35. Should We Adopt it. When deciding upon the war fighting doctrine a nation should deliberate upon a basic question that is how to achieve victory in an pleasurable time frame which is economical in terms of men and material? . The answer we seek must be viewed in light of various functions much(pre nominal) as the nations soldiery might, economic and political standing in world order compared to his perceived adversaries, equivalently threat perception and expected duration of war. The Indian host doctrine does directs our focus on the intellectual understanding, institutionalisation and implementation of Manoeuvre warfare in its chapter on functional Perspective4however, remains uncommitted on deciding manoeuvre warfare as our basic war fighting philosophy.6. Mechanised Association. Since most astounding victories associated with Manoeuvre have a mechanised background, it is often considered to be a word of mechanised domain. The most common examples given is that of Blitzkrieg or Rommel and Pattons gallop across Gazala and the plains of Sicily respectively. Though most of us know that Rommel was an audacious practitioner of manoeuvre warfare during WW -II in his daring exploits but a few actually seemed to be aware of the fact that he acquire and perfected his manoeuvre skills as an infantry soldier in WW- I. hence it can be debated that the German war philosophy in second homo War was deeply influenced by Rommels World war I infantry experiences and hisbook5that grew out of those experiences. This lack of historical and conceptual understanding further deepens the dilemma of its applicability in Indian context especially in mountains.7. Applicability in Mountains. In light of supra mentioned aspects we must ask ourselves if manoeuvre warfare is solely applicable to conventional affairs typified by minted formations of armoured vehicles? Or, are the principles and methods equally applicable to craggy terrain?. The key to manoeuvre warfare, as expressed by proponents like ordainiam Lind and Robert Leonhard, was defeating the enemy by attacking his critical vulnerability rather than going toe-to-toe with his strength. This implies that in difficult terrain like mountains where critical vulnerabilities are of paramount richness and play decisi ve roles in the mastery of operations, the manoeuvre warfare assumes rather greater significance.CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGYBattles are won by slaughter and maneuver. The greater the general, the more he contributes in maneuver, the less he demands in slaughter. Winston Churchill, The World Crisis, 1923Statement of the Problem8. Manoeuvre warfare is considered to be synonymous with mechanised operations and desert terrain by most of us. This thought process restrain us from tapping the actual potential of this universal war fighting philosophy, whose applicability is irrespective of the typesetters case of terrain or the arm using it .The aim of this paper is to analyse the concept of manoeuvre warfare as the war fighting philosophy for Indian Army and examine the feasibility of its application in unsmooth terrain in Indian context.Hypothesis9. Manoeuvre warfare is not a hard science and does not have a rigid list of theorems or formulae, which can define its applicability to a particu lar arm or terrain. It is very much applicable in Indian context, especially to mountainous terrain.Justification of the Study10. Inability to Accept Manoeuvre Warfare. Over the years we have developed an grinding-based approach to warfare. Our preparedness institutes are teaching tactics as a science having set piece solutions with mathematical framework and rigid utilization of resources. Though we claim to take in most logical and workable solutions but nine out of ten exercises end up with resembling lessons and solutions being culled out in the end. Another factor, which for the most part contribute towards our inability to accept manoeuvre warfare at tactical level is our fascination to adopt westernised terms and concepts. This is acceptable till they are used as building blocks to enhance our operational efficiency. But when templated without giving a proper thought to the fiber of our society, training and our basic approach towards life and philosophy6 results in mer e lip service and resentment at grass root level where they are to be executed. This misleads them to perceive manoeuvre warfare as extension of widespread military jargon or another fascinating word for what we have always done or common sense tactics7. This take aways an urgent change in thought process.11. Geo-Politico-Military Factor. India is wedged between two hostile neighbours having boundary disputes with both, which can lead to a potential conflict in future. With western adversary we enjoying vast superiority both in numbers and economy but the situation is not so very same with the eastern. Indian philosophy and ethos are against press release of any dominion this when coupled with no first use of force places the military force at sign disadvantage of wresting the initiative before any conflict. This more or less drives India towards the attritionist practices in war where territory is of vital importance and its loss is unacceptable flat in lieu of operational or tactical advantage it accrues. Superior force ratios are considered necessary to protect or regain the lost territory at any cost.12. Battle Field Milieu. These potential situations when coupled with future battlefield scenario having nuclear backdrop, own political will and international pressure assures high-pitched intensity, fluid, short term and intense battle field in a reactive scenario. such characterized conflicts cant be won just by attritionist approach. We need a philosophy, which provides us victory in shortest time frame with economy in men and material.13. With approximately two third of our borders resting on the high mastiffs of mountainous terrain, it is easy to acquire a defensive mentality and orthodox approach to war fighting. This attitude stems from a blinkered outlook that any other approach to warfare is of no concern in this topography and the war will be nothing but a peak to peak slogging match. In the light of these, it is imperative that one takes a f resh look at our approach to warfare and reconsiders the applicability of manoeuvre warfare to mountainous terrain to win any future conflicts with minimal losses and within acceptable/quickest timeframe. We must understand that manoeuvrist approach to operations is as important to a commander in the high mountains as it is to a mounted general.Scope14. This paper carries out an analysis of modern works on the theory of Manoeuvre warfare and tries to establish link between various theories and figure out basic components of manoeuvre warfare. The work just touches the concept based on the premise that basic knowledge of manoeuvre exist with the subscriber The scope will be limited to the instigating the aspects needing attention in the Indian armys basic doctrine and war philosophy to make it more manoeuvristic. The paper will concentrate more on organisational, institutional and functional changes necessary to facilitate this and the explore the concepts that can be applied temp orary hookup operating in mountainous terrain..Methods of Data Collection15. Books, military journals and periodical have been referred to from Defence Services Staff College Library, online sources and personal subscriptions contributed towards the research. Some contents have also been taken from the interviews of German generals later on World War II (WW II) which were available from Defence Sites after translations. My own understanding of subject that accrued from discussions with peers, seniors and the Guide Directing Staff Colonel Rohit Mehta on the topic has come handy in making few suggestions for the dissertation. The casual discussion with Gen (Retd) HS Panag and lecture by Gen (Retd) Mehta in DSSC were instrumental inshaping the ideas expressed in the research. The bibliography of sources is attach at the end of the documentOrganisation of Data16. The text has been divided into five chapters excluding the introduction and conclusion. The initial chapters examine the es sential elements of Manoeuvre warfare and how it differs from attrition warfare with special origin to analysis of modern writings on the subject and culls out the essence of these theories. The adjoining chapter deals with relevance of this theory in the Indian context. The penultimate chapter is a follow up of the previous chapter and highlights the organisational, institutional and functional changes necessary for implementing manoeuvre theory by Indian Army. The next chapter gives some recommendations to apply the concept of manoeuvre warfare in mountainous terrain bordering India.thitherafter reiterating the essence of what has been said in the entire dissertation the conclusion settles the dissertation.CHAPTER IIIUNDERSTANDING MANOEUVRE war Manoeuvre theory has nothing to do with vast numbers of men and machines charging down the countryside. Manoeuvre theory is about amplifying the force which a small mass is capable of exerting it is synonymous with the Indirect Approach. -Richard E SimpkinEvolution of Manoeuvre Theory17. Manoeuvre warfare is a philosophy for fighting smart to ensure mastery in war. The first manoeuvre on a large scale in battle, recorded in history, was during the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC8. In this battle, the Greeks under Miltiades scored a decisive victory through manoeuvre where the Greek phalanx hit the Persians from both flanks inflicting a total defeat. However, Alexander the Great can be considered as the first great practitioner of art of manoeuvre. Most of his victories are classic examples of Manoeuvre warfare. In 331 BC in the battle of Arbela he defeated Persian monarch, Darius III who had a numerical superiority of 51 against him. Sun Tzu also captured the essence of this philosophy in his classic work9.18. The most important development of manoeuvre theories took place in Germany and the USSR during the 1920s and 1930s, notably with the development of the Deep Battle concept that was integrated into the Red Army f ield regulations doctrine by Marshal Tukhachevsky10. While the Wehrmacht developed from this the operations named Blitzkrieg, in the USSR this led to the creation of the Cavalry Mechanised Groups during the Second World War, and the Operational manoeuvre groups during the Cold War.11The Soviets used the concept of Deep Battle (which they continued through the Cold War).19. In spite of all these years of rich history, only recently has a clear and acceptable definition of Manoeuvre warfare has been offered for modern tactics and operations. Two of the best works on modern manoeuvre warfare come from Robert R Leonhard12and William S Lind13. While they both draw heavily from Sun Tzu, Richard Simpkin, Sir Basil Liddell-Hart and Second World War German and Russian theories, they synthesize these thoughts and produce what could be called the modern school of Manoeuvre warfare.Modern Works On Manoeuvre Warfare20. William S Lind Observe, Orient, Decide, Act (OODA) Cycle. Linds understandin g of manoeuvre warfare theory is based basically on the research done by Retired Air Force Colonel John Boyd, who studied the US success with the F-86 combatant aircraft in combat over Korea fighter aircraft and derived Boyd Theory, Pattern of conflicts14. He observed that fighter pilots, who were able to observe their opponent, orient themselves to the situation, decide on a way of life of action and act upon decided action faster than their enemy counterparts usually embraced victory. The idea was that the pilot who went through his OODA loop also known as a Boyd Cycle) faster than his opponent was able to render his opponents actions irrelevant and gain the upper hand in the dogfight. Lind uses this as base to conceptualise Manoeuvre theory and add it as- Conflict can be seen as time-competitive cycles.15He concluded that the armies, which are able to decide, move and fight faster, would quickly render the enemys reactions irrelevant and would result in destroying his cohesion . The enemy who finds the irrelevancy of his actions with each passing moment are subjected to panic or become passive and this is an ideal outcome for the victor, because a panicked or passive enemy can be annihilated or captured at the lowest cost in friendly casualties.1621. To achieve such end order ground forces must have capability to conduct faster Boyd Cycles/OODA cycle .The various methods suggested by Lind are Decentralized Command and Control, Initiative at all levels of command to exploit the fleeting opportunities. Mission-Type Orders that tell subordinates only the intent of high commander and not how to achieve it the designation of a Main Effort to focus the resources at disposal towards common objective to promote Unity of Effort and reliance on Reconnaissance Pull to Exploit Gaps and Avoid Surfaces in enemy defence. He further adds that Manoeuvre warfare federal agency not only to Accept confusion and disorder but also successfully operates in it and warns to v acate all patterns, recipes and formulae i.e. to say Be Unpredictable and achieve surprise.1722. therefore, it can be understood the soul of Linds theory is tempo which is supported by Sun Tzu What is of the greatest importance in war is extraordinary cannonball along one cannot afford to neglect opportunity . . . An attack may lack ingenuity, but it must be delivered with supernatural speed and further explained by Richard Simpkin as the operational rate of advance.1823. Robert Leonhard and Art of Manoeuvre. Leonhard expands upon Linds theory of manoeuvre warfare by looking beyond tempo to other methods of defeating enemy. But agrees with Lind on defeating enemy with the minimal necessary force. As described by Leonhard, manoeuvre warfare attempts to defeat the enemy through means other than the simple destruction of his mass.19The other means of Leonhard include (a) Pre-Emption which is the most economical and often most successful method to defeat enemy. Indeed the highest and purest application of maneuver theory is to pre-empt the enemy, that is, to disarm or neutralize him before the fight.20This is in consonance with Linds emphasis on tempo and Boyd Cycles.(b) Dislocation is regarded as the next most preferred method, after pre-emption, i.e., which he explains as removing the enemy from the decisive point, or vice versa, thus rendering them useless and irrelevant to the fight.21Dislocation can be further sub divided as positional or functional dislocation. Positional dislocation involves making the enemys location irrelevant through Manoeuvre while Functional dislocation refers to rendering an enemys strength irrelevant.(c) Disruption as the third method for defeating the enemy more economically. He defines it as attacking the enemys midpoint of gravity(COG), which he further explain using the King Queen theory22-taking analogy from game of chess to he describe the understanding of of COG for attritionist as the queen or source of strength and for maneouvrist as king or the critical vulnerability. Which when addressed causes the enemy to lose cohesion and the will to fight. Disruption is close linked to battlefield psychology and its target is not the enemy forces per se but rather the mind of enemy commanderEssentials of Manoeuvre Warfare.24. Other than the concepts mentioned above keeping present and future battle field Directive Style Of Command, Mission Type Orders, Small Team Concept, Integrated Battle Approach With accredited Jointmanship, Simultaneity Of Operations, Mental Mobility Of Commanders at all levels and High Initiative with Mastering The Basic Skills are other essentials demanded for a manoeuvristic approach. There is a large scuttle between the philosophical concept and its practical application. Manoeuvre warfare is not a concept that can be practiced independently by tactical units. It requires the support of entire army as well as each individual soldier for the required transformation.Manoeuvre Vs Attrition.25. In most situations, attrition warfare is best able to achieve the principle of concentration of force, unity of command, security, cooperation and simplicity. The outcome of WWI was decided by attrition If either side had been able to force part of the enemy alliance from the field, it would have reduced the enemys available resources and forces. Additionally it would have forced the enemy to spread its fewer forces over a larger area, potentially allowing greater room for maneuver. However attrition was forced on the belligerents until the combat power ratios23were changed and the Allies gained a clear advantage. It is a comparatively simple way to wage war and demands little initiative from subordinates. Higher commanders with the help of staff available plan battles in micro details whereas junior officers merely follow orders to the cut. However, this makes attrition war predictable and sequential.26. By contrast, manoeuvre warfare regards application of military force as only one of the ways of to the attain politico military aim. Manoeuvre warfare draws its power mainly from opportunities and still more on winning the battle of wills by surprise or, failing this, by speed and aptness of response.24Manoeuvre warfare is thus concerned with amplifying the force, which a small mass is capable of exerting and conveying a threat commensurate with the mission.Field Commanders sufferance of polar Warfare in Similar Situations.27. Field Marshal capital of Alabama and General Patton were two of the most effective allied commanders who were faced with roughly alike conditions, practiced effective dissimilar methods of war fighting. While Patton stressed on audacity, surprise, speed and always relied on mental mobility of subordinate commanders to exploit battle opportunities, Montgomery emphasised on caution and preferred a balanced orthodox approach. Montgomery has often been criticised for his aversion to taking risk but his approach to war was certainly an effort to minimise the risk. Comparing the two commanders lead to deduction that both concepts focus on compelling the enemy to do our will or reducing his ability to resist us until he finally accedes to our will25. A major assumption is that a war of manoeuvre is of a higher order than a war of attrition and that the general who defeats his enemy in a war of manoeuvre is superior to another who practices attrition warfare. Many still think of General Grant as a the butcher owing to the methods he used to defeat the Confederate armies or have general look that all World War I generals lacked inspiration because they seemed incapable of breaking the stalemate at the forward. Which certainly needs reconsideration, as both the theories are complimentary.Different Wars.28. Wars of manoeuvre can be referred as wars of annihilation or destruction because the enemys ability or will to fight is annihilated after a decisive battle or a series of decisive battles in different theatres. Whereas wars of attrition may be referred as wars of exhaustion as they focus on the enemys ability or will to resist be exhausted. Attrition wars can be presumed to be more costly to in terms of loss of personnel, carriage and time unless one side completely dominates the other. In contrast to attrition theory, which concentrates on the enemys field forces, manoeuvre theory thrives on outperforming the enemys thought processes with the intent to destroy force cohesion.Why Modern Wars Become Attrition Wars?29. The inspiration for the attrition theory basically comes from Clausewitzs Vernichtungsprinzip or principle of annihilation.26If wars of attrition are generally more costly than wars of maneuver and practitioners of attrition are perceived as less enlightened than those who succeed through maneuver and a decisive battle, then why do modern wars so often become wars of attrition? There are reasons to it(a) Often the combat power that can be generated at the front is a lmostequal. Temporary stalemate and attrition follow until one side achieves a advantage in terms of numbers, firepower, leaders, manoeuvre, protection or Information.(b) Perception that the chances of success through a strategy of attrition have less risk element and uncertainty for the commander.(c) Nations which, possess a large army and and population which accepts the loss of lives in wars as a natural outcome accept attrition warfare.(d) When asymmetry exist between two warring fractions attrition warfare is followed unconsciously by superior fraction.The Other Side Of Manoeuvre Theory30. Every coin has a flip side so as every theory. There are certain conditions to be fulfilled while practicing this type of warfare. This requires additional effortcompare to attrition theory of warfare.(a) Dependence upon individual leadership.(b) There are also immense and glaring cultural differences between a decentralised manoeuvre military and a centralized attritional service. Attaining the latter involves people, time, and resources while the actor requires something more rare and difficult to achieve and that is the development of military tradition, free thinking by soldiers and commanders, mutual trust at all levels and education in the military art.(c) Delegation of responsibility by higher commander for crucial combat decisions to subordinates implies highest degree of interpersonal understanding and trust not easily achievable. Such trust and understanding must be forged within the framework of a mutual drive towards the achievement of final objective. Creating such frame of reference and bonding of shared values and morals is exceedingly difficult to achieve.(d) Involvement of higher degree of risk and uncertainty. Maneuver warfare usually entails more risk. There is consoling certainty in programing warfare as quantifiable, logically measurable and scientifically less intuitive. It recedes the mystery and terror of something otherwise uncontrollable, inde cipherable, and probability based.(e) The maneuver doctrine required relentless tempo that could not afford an operational pause. It was one of the factor leading to German failure during Barbarossa.27CHAPTER IVMANOEUVRE war FOR INDIAN ARMYTheory Suitable For Our Nation ?31. The answer to this most commonly asked question depends upon ones needs, assets, and the kind of political supervision. Irrespective of national or military inclinations toward any theory, there are certain parameters which determine what type of warfare a nation should adopt.(a) Human Resource. Contrary to expectation that attrition requires a depress level of intellect and imagination than does maneuver One must understand that most people can be made to adhere to checklists and taught to operate or maintain redden the most complex pieces of technology. However, maneuver warfare requires creativity and innovativeness towards the unorthodox approach and independent cast of mind.(b) Equipment. Attrition-warfar e armament must exceed at least thequality and preferably the quantity of that of the enemy. Developing countries will find adoption or continued adherence to attrition theory unjustifiable, unless they expect even more compelled foes (only western adversary in our case).(c) Threat. A military selecting a particular warfare theory will need to consider its likely threats. Will it encounter a conventional army with high standard of training, morale and motivation equivalent to his (west in our case) or a more resourceful nation with edge in terms of political freedom, technology, and numbers (East in our case).(d) Duration of war. In short term conflicts attrition has not performed well against maneuveristic army. It is only after extended periods of stalemate (and frequently heavy casualties) can those who employ attrition theory could overcome their maneuveristic enemies.(e) Risk / Higher perpetrations of War. The level of acceptable risk that the leadership is willing to take is extremely important when selecting a suitable theory.(f) Strategy. If a particular nation has some territorial disputes but its strategy is to maintain a status quo, it is not going to opt for large-scale manoeuvre warfare. However, since it has to remain prepared for any attempts to alter the status quo it may opt for a jolly higher bias towardsManoeuvre than attrition.(g) Some of the other determinants for planned offensive could be (i) How deep are we planning to go?(ii) Is there a essential of going that deep?(iii) What type of punishment do we want to inflict?(iv) What type of punishment are we anticipating?32. Social Fiber of Society. Attrition theory generally suits the style of societies that believe human nature is inherently good that war takes place between military forces with clearly designated combatants that there are clear-cut demarcations and knightliness still exists during any combat. While the foundation of manoeuvre warfare is based on the philosophical tenet s- that human nature is inherently flawed, that because of human greed and frailness warfare is an inevitable fact of life, that war is an all-embracing human activity that is not confined to the clear demarcation of the battlefield and that the crux of warfare is mans mind.Which Direction Should We Embark33. Rarely has superior firepower and attritionist approach determined the outcome of any major conflict. Nations have historically demonstrated a remarkable resiliency while enduring the punishment wrought by bombs, artillery, missiles and loss of men and material but victories are achieved only when the commander orchestrates a balance

How Cultivation Theory Applies To Racial Problems Media Essay

How Cultivation Theory Applies To Racial Problems Media EssayIntroductionAmerican cartoons comprise the most popular film return industry for children worldwide, and have gained considerable attention in terms of educating children. As an excellent medium for storytelling, children learn the basic concepts of what the world is like and what love and moral philosophy ar from the fairy tales they watch. I am currently study one of the communication theories, namely, cultivation surmisal. American cartoons, in particular Disney movies, are classic objects of study.The cultivation theory developed by George Gerbner and Larry Gross of the University of Pennsylvania states that the more(prenominal) time people spend living in the video recording world, the more likely they are to take the social public portrayed on television. Therefore, heavy television viewers have a higher estimation for a particular social reality (e.g., fierceness, prostitution, affluence, occupation, and marital discord) than what real-world phenomena can justify. Thus, to make the theory applicable to the real world, the study emphasizes the harm that television shows might bring to people. In my opinion, early education is inbred to the development of an individuals personality it also determines his/her later ideology. Thus, the effects of cartoons on childrens self development are worth studying.American cartoons and animation movies have benefits, particularly in teaching children the values of honesty, bravery, and friendship, and the fact that justice and good will triumph over evil. However, we can also see that the protagonists often use violence to drink down evil. Along with violence, gender problems and religious issues also show up in most films more than we think, and children learn about them without guidance. Children could easily confuse reality and fantasy, particularly in our current society where parents who are busy with work and socializing use video games an d television shows as substitute companions for their children. In a nutshell, studying American cartoons is crucial for us because they may drastic bothy affect childrens upbringing by presenting prohibit messages.The cultivation theory deeply focuses on the effects of violence on the behavior of people. In this paper, I will analyze the issue of racial discrimination in cartoons to make the study of the cultivation theory more complete. Discrimination is an some another(prenominal) essential topic that has been largely neglected due to the focus on violence in cartoons.Literature ReviewDixon (2006) believes that heavy viewers of television are more likely to think that an African-American suspect is guilty they also view the world as a more stark place than it actually is. Television encourages violence and aggression. Durkin (1985) supports the view that children obtain information on gender roles and racial views from television and model their behaviors base on television characterization.Gerbner describe the process of blurring, blending, and bending that is experienced by individuals with heavy viewing habits. (Griffin, 2011). Heavy television viewers create a common outlook by constant exposure to the same images and labels. In movies, the heroes and the victims are always fair-skinned, whereas the criminals or villains are always sear- or dark-skinned. Mastro and Stern (2003) add that races other than whites are under-represented, negatively depicted, and are often targets of mockery.From Larsons theory, the more children watch television programs, the more likely they are to develop and entertain more traditional gender and racial stereotypes based on what they view in the media (Larson, 2002).Waver (2011) analyzes racial related-phenomena in American movies and finds that the race of the actors clearly affects the desires of white audience members to see the films. The higher the percentage of black actors in the movie, the less interested w hite individuals were in seeing the movie.AnalysisMost Disney movies feature gorgeous princesses, including The Little Mermaid, Snow White, and Rapunzel, who are all depicted as Caucasians. The princess in the film The Princess and the Frog was dark-skinned but her prince was a white man. Most heroes in these movies are all fair-skinned, but the skin tones of the villains are diverse. In the movies, the storylines usually start with a white man who breaks into a new cultural environment, changes the locals points of view and customs, and leads them defeat the bad guy, after which he becomes the hero. Tarzan unconstipated became king of the forest. This stereotype exists in numerous American movies. According to the cultivation theory, children may subconsciously develop behavioral stereotypes, although what they view could be biased, distorted or misleading (Oliver, 2001 , Smith, 1994).American cartoon movies also add their own value to foreign cultures, which may adversely affect childrens knowledge of the actual status of other nations. For instance, the mental strain of the Disney movie Aladdin (1992) used inappropriate words to describe the hometown of Aladdin. In the song, the words where they cut off your ear if they dont like your face. Its barbaric, but hey, its home pique the Arab Americans, who believed that the lyrics are a misrepresentation of the Arab culture and should be removed. In 1993, the New York Times promulgated a critique of the said movie, which was entitled It is racism, but hey, its Disney. The word pointed out that To characterize an entire region with this sort of tongue-in-cheek bigotry, peculiarly in a movie aimed at children, borders on barbaric (New York Times, 1993). Another Disney movie, Mulan, writhe certain facts of the Chinese culture. In the movie, Mulan was characterized as an independent, liberal woman who suggested to that the princesses chase love bravely. Although this is an accepted idea in modern society and c ould be deemed befitting by most people, it is not the real ideology in ancient China it is not part true history and real tradition. In some other animation movie, Pocahontas, the love story was exaggerated and deviated from what actually occurred in history.The contents of some American cartoons are more suited to adults. For instance, the show South special K features sarcasm, dirty words, and improper content that could easily be misunderstood by children. In an episode in the 11th season of the show With Apologies to Jesse Jackson, the word common racoon was used 43 times. Although the purpose of this episode was not to humiliate black people, as the episode was in fact highly accepted by blacks, children may misconstrue the purpose of this cartoon and learn a new word that they could abuse.Another Disney movie entitled Song of the South featured a song called Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah, which won the Oscar for Original Score in 1946. However, the movie had racist tendencies when vi ewed from the criterion of today. The story takes place in the South after the Civil War, and Uncle Remus, a freed slave, tells stories to children and makes them laugh. cristal Clayton Po considerably Jr. viewed the portrayal of the happy life as a slave with suspicion and posited that it is humiliating to minorities. Disney did not publish the DVD in the United States to keep down eliciting resentment from the public. Griffin (2000) describes the effects that media can have on the audience as being similar to a cue ball. The effect of the cue ball exists regardless of the distance of the cue ball to the other balls. A similar effect can be seen in the posters of most movies, where the characters outlook is already published before the audience even sees the movie. For instance, in the movie Aladdin, the skin tones of Aladdin and Jasmine are fairer than those of the other people in the movie, and Jafars appearance could already give a world(a) impression of his villainy even bef ore the movie is viewed. Fair skin can thus be mistakenly connected to purity and kindness, whereas black or dark skin could be associated with criminality and craftiness.The problem is not limited to movies alone. The audience has its own personal interest, which causes the racial issue in movies to become an uncounted loop. According to the study by Weaver in 2011, white people are more inclined to choose movies with white cast members than movies with cast members from other races, thereby decreasing opportunities for white children to see more movies from different aspects, as well as the opportunities for them to change their stereotypes. White audience members that practice selective dodge if they perceive that a film has a black theme is precisely the concern that black actors such as Will Smith have expressed, especially when it comes to romantic leads in movies (Jones, 2005). Last year, all two of the 30 highest grossing films featured major non-white characters.Accordin g to the cultivation theory, when audience members repeatedly view the same scenario from miscellaneous television shows and movies, they will associate it with the outside world in their mind. Racism is a phenomenon that cannot be completely eliminated, particularly in a country with so many ethnicities, such as the United States. The high rate of positive roles that white people portray indicates the constancy of racism in the future.ConclusionChildren from all over the world watch Disney and other American cartoons. Thus, these movies and shows have far-reaching effects. Growing up exposed to many classic and fantastic stories have kept children well entertained and educated, as they come to appreciate the stories being told and the excellent techniques and artwork used in the telling. The positive influences that these movies have on children are undeniably more immense than the negative influences, as they teach children to be independent, tough, and patriotic. Advocating libe rty, human rights, and American ideology is necessary for a nation to unite and educate people. However, praising American culture while criticizing others is not respectful. Racism is not a concept that children should learn. We can strengthen their idea of equality by using the cultivation theory, which could end in a decrease in conflicts between races, genders, and other issues.As embodied in the cultivation theory, when television predominates the lives of children, its influence can permeate the behavior, language, thoughts, and actions of children. Moreover, negative messages tend to be received more easily than positive messages. Thus, the effects of media on children should be studied, and possible modifications should be introduced.Recent American cartoons already manifest some changes. For instance, the main character in the movie Megamind has blue skin, and the classic image of the superhero is the one being mocked. An upcoming movie entitled Escape From planet Earth will feature stories of several blue characters.Guidance from parents is also essential in eliminating or mitigating the influence of cultivation effect on children. A childs knowledge of the world and his ability to tell right from wrong are not yet mature, so parents can help their children understand what is on silver screen by explaining the contents of television shows to them. The movie rating system should be used worldwide. The cultivation theory also clearly posits that the cultivation effect occurs only after long-term, cumulative exposure to television (Weimann2000). Thus, decreasing the amount of time children spend watching television is also necessary.

Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers

pull together Harbor was certainly one of the most frolictic turning points in joined States history, with totally the elements that go on with an epic drama heroes, villains, propaganda and conspiracy theories. It propelled the country from an isolationist continent into the spotlight on the world stage. World War II changed the way the world viewed the United States and how Americans viewed themselves. As a result of Pearl Harbor and the war the United States accepted the predominant world leadership role. The tragedy of Pearl Harbor take aback and united the American people into a singular purpose and goal to a greater extent than any other event before or since.As Americans awoke on a lazy Sunday morning in paradise, little did they know that within a few short minutes their lives would be changed forever. Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen watched in revulsion as the United States fleet including the mighty dreadnoughts burned and sank to the bottom of the shallow blue harbor. The calamity incited mass chaos and confusion. Numerous paradoxical rumors were spread including that Japanese paratroopers were invading Hawaii and that follow-on assaults were imminent. Above all, no one knew how to react since this was the first time since the War of 1812 that Americans were besiegeed on their own soil.As the country was just regain from the Great Depression, with optimism in the horizon the American people really had no desires to involve themselves in foreign wars. However President Franklin Roosevelt was apprised of the actions taking arse in Europe and Asia and could foresee the United States inevitable danger to the free world if the United States didnt take a stand in the war. While Americans elevate neutrality the United States administration knew that it would only be a matter of time until the United States would enter the war. The convenient timing of Pearl Harbor allowed Roosevelts unrestrained pursuit of his interventionist agenda. This along with certain details, such as the lack of aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor, led some to believe Roosevelt had forewarning of the attack and intentionally make the Japanese to open the backdoor to war.Twenty three hours after the initial aggression, Roosevelt declared war and ensured that, "This day will live in infamy" in his visit to Congress. In the end Americans pulled through and became their own heroes Admiral Yamamotos made a prophetic remark shortly after December 7, "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve".Pearl Harbor essays enquiry papers Pearl Harbor was certainly one of the most dramatic turning points in United States history, with all the elements that go along with an epic drama heroes, villains, propaganda and conspiracy theories. It propelled the country from an isolationist continent into the spotlight on the world stage. World War II changed the way the world viewed the United States and how Americans viewed themselves. As a result of Pearl Harbor and the war the United States accepted the predominant world leadership role. The tragedy of Pearl Harbor shocked and united the American people into a singular purpose and goal to a greater extent than any other event before or since.As Americans awoke on a lazy Sunday morning in paradise, little did they know that within a few short minutes their lives would be changed forever. Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen watched in horror as the United States fleet including the mighty dreadnoughts burned and sank to the bottom of the shallow blue harbor. The calamity incited mass chaos and confusion. Numerous false rumors were spread including that Japanese paratroopers were invading Hawaii and that follow-on assaults were imminent. Above all, no one knew how to react since this was the first time since the War of 1812 that Americans were attacked on their own soil.As the nation was just recovering from the Great Depression, with optimis m in the horizon the American people really had no desires to involve themselves in foreign wars. However President Franklin Roosevelt was aware of the actions taking place in Europe and Asia and could foresee the United States inevitable danger to the free world if the United States didnt take a stand in the war. While Americans favored neutrality the United States administration knew that it would only be a matter of time until the United States would enter the war. The convenient timing of Pearl Harbor allowed Roosevelts unhindered pursuit of his interventionist agenda. This along with certain details, such as the lack of aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor, led some to believe Roosevelt had forewarning of the attack and intentionally provoked the Japanese to open the backdoor to war.Twenty three hours after the initial aggression, Roosevelt declared war and ensured that, "This day will live in infamy" in his address to Congress. In the end Americans pulled through and beca me their own heroes Admiral Yamamotos made a prophetic remark shortly after December 7, "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve".

The Management of Stress Essay -- Game Plan, Unhealthy Diet

Everybody has at least one thing in common. Can you guess what it is? If you guessed, heartbreak, youre right, but thats not the answer Im looking for. The correct answer is stress. Everyone has stress in his or her life at one point or another. Its one of many a(prenominal) inevitable parts of life. Whether its busting out a research paper for Psychology at the last minute, expecting your first child to be born, to making trusted youre up in time to catch the Saturday morning cartoons, its clearly evident that everyone goes through stress. The real question is, how is stress handled in our social club? A person is defined by how they handle the stressors in their lives and how they overcome stressful moments. This paper will explore the aspects of stress management hoping to help others in their times of stress.To fully understand stress management, one must understand the natural stress response. When a person encounters a perceived threat, the hypothalamus, a lilliputian regio n located at the base of the brain, sets off an alarm in their body. Through a combination of both nerve and hormonal signals, the system prompts their adrenal gland glands, located at the top of the kidneys, to release a surge of hormones which include adrenaline and cortisol. The adrenaline ca physical exertions an extend in the heart rate, thus causing an increase in the blood pressure and energy supplies of the individual. Cortisol, which is the primary stress hormone, creates an increase in sugars which are known as glucose in the bloodstream. This enhances the brains use of glucose and decreases the availability of substances that help repair tissues. This alarm system also communicates with regions of the brain that control moods, motivation, and fear. Once the perceived threat has p... ...uestion? Works CitedAmericas 1 Health Problem. (n.d.). Retrieved from The American Institute of Stresswebsitehttp//www.stress.org/americas-1-wellness-problem/Borchard, T. (2010). 18 Ways to Manage Stress. Psych Central. Retrieved on December 1, 2013, from http//psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2010/06/23/18-ways-to-manage-stress/Chronic stress puts your health at risk. (n.d.). Retrieved from Mayo Clinic websitehttp//www.mayoclinic.com/health/stress/SR00001Heissman, K. (2012). Stress Management Practices What Works and What Doesnt. Psych Central. Retrieved on December 1, 2013, from http//psychcentral.com/lib/stress-management-practices-what-works-and-what-doesnt/00011942Stress Management How to Reduce, Prevent, and Cope with Stress. (n.d.). Retrieved from Helpguide.org websitehttp//www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_management_relief_coping.htm